Technical and fundamental analysis are traditional tools used to analyze individual stocks; however, the finance literature has shown that the price movement of each individual stock correlates heavily with other stocks, especially those within the same sector. In this paper we propose a general-purpose market representation that incorporates fundamental and technical indicators and relationships between individual stocks. We treat the daily stock market as a'market image' where rows (grouped by market sector) represent individual stocks and columns represent indicators. We apply a convolutional neural network over this market image to build market features in a hierarchical way. We use a recurrent neural network, with an attention mechanism over the market feature maps, to model temporal dynamics in the market. We show that our proposed model outperforms strong baselines in both short-term and long-term stock return prediction tasks. We also show another use for our market image: to construct concise and dense market embeddings suitable for downstream prediction tasks.

We summarized both common and novel predictive models used for stock price prediction and combined them with technical indices, fundamental characteristics and text-based sentiment data to predict S&P stock prices. A 66.18% accuracy in S&P 500 index directional prediction and 62.09% accuracy in individual stock directional prediction was achieved by combining different machine learning models such as Random Forest and LSTM together into state-of-the-art ensemble models. The data we use contains weekly historical prices, finance reports, and text information from news items associated with 518 different common stocks issued by current and former S&P 500 large-cap companies, from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2019. Our study's innovation includes utilizing deep language models to categorize and infer financial news item sentiment; fusing different models containing different combinations of variables and stocks to jointly make predictions; and overcoming the insufficient data problem for machine learning models in time series by using data across different stocks.

This work provides a review of this literature. The motivation for this summary arose from our companion paper Ruf and W ang [2019]. There we continue th e discussions of this note; in particular, of potentially problematic data leakage when training ANNs to historic financial data. This paper is organised in the following way. Section 2 featu res Table 1, a summary of the literature that concerns the use of ANNs for nonparametric pricing (and hedging) of options. Section 3 provides a list of recommended papers from Table 1. Section 4 provides a n overview of related work where ANNs are applied in the context of option pricing and hedging, but not necessarily as nonparametric estimation tools. Section 5 briefly discusses various regularisation techniq ues used in the reviewed literature.

Is artificial intelligence the next hot thing in ETFs? One big-name investor seems to think so. On Friday, ETF Managers Group filed for the Rogers AI Global Macro ETF (BIKR), blending two popular elements in finance--Jim Rogers and artificial intelligence. BIKR will track an index of single-country ETFs that was developed by Ocean Capital Advisors, a company headed by Rogers, the famous commodity investor and author of several best-selling books on the topic. Rogers' Ocean Capital will also act as the sponsor of BIKR.

In a recent article, I discussed some of the significant progress being made in machine learning–enabled artificial intelligence and some of its potential drawbacks as well as the challenges it poses for regulators. Now, I want to bring your attention to a very interesting Barclays report that looks at the deployment of quantitative fund strategies, and in particular, the role of machine learning in investment management. You can read more articles on technology's role in finance by Sviatoslav Rosov, PhD, CFA on the Market Integrity Insights blog. Although big data is usually directly associated with machine learning, there is still a debate whether new data sources, such as web crawling through news or social media, credit card data, geolocation data, and so on, is helpful in the investment process. Some specific examples of trading strategies based on such data include using Twitter sentiment to make bets on the equity market as a whole or individual stocks in particular or using geolocation data to estimate retail activity relevant to individual stocks (e.g., footfall at retail stores).